Health
Why Woman Have miscarriages?
Why Woman Have miscarriages?
A miscarriage is the loss of an embryo during pregnancy. An estimated 30 to 50 percent of the fertilized eggs are lost before or during the implantation process.
This may lead to early menstrual bleeding, vaginal spotting, and even a late or missed period.
It is the most common symptom of a miscarriage, but only one out of four pregnancies ends in miscarriage.
Symptoms of miscarriage
If you have ever experienced heavy vaginal bleeding, you may want to consult your health care professional.
Although this may seem like an indication that you are pregnant, it may also indicate miscarriage.
If you are bleeding excessively, you may have a tubal pregnancy. If you notice these symptoms, consult your health care professional immediately.
The sooner you see a medical professional, the sooner you can get the proper treatment.
In addition to chromosomal abnormalities, some factors may also be involved in the loss of the developing fetus.
Genetic defects in the developing baby or immune reactions in the mother’s body may cause miscarriage. About half of all early miscarriages result from abnormal chromosomes.
While the exact cause is rarely known, it is important to seek medical attention as early miscarriage symptoms can be serious and sometimes fatal.
While light spotting is normal, bleeding that lasts for three days is cause for concern. Interestingly enough, some women have miscarriages without spotting or bleeding.
They may experience pain, cramping, loss of pregnancy, and whitish pink blood discharge.
The doctor can perform a scan to determine if the miscarriage was due to a miscarriage or a missed pregnancy.
A doctor will be able to diagnose miscarriage and offer appropriate aftercare. The doctor may suggest medications or surgery to remove any traces of pregnancy tissue.
Depending on the type of miscarriage, treatment will depend on whether the baby was completely lost or a part of it was still inside the uterus.
If there is some left, the doctor may prescribe medication to treat the pain or perform a surgical procedure to remove the rest.
In some cases, bleeding is the only sign of miscarriage, but if there is any bleeding or cramping, a woman should visit her doctor to make sure she is indeed pregnant.
She may be advised to undergo an ultrasound to confirm that the uterus is empty.
A health care professional will assess the situation and recommend a course of treatment.
Although rest can help some women, it is not a viable option to prevent miscarriage.
Causes of miscarriage
The most common cause of miscarriage is genetic abnormality. Genetic diseases and birth defects result from mutations in chromosomes.
They may develop spontaneously or be inherited from one or both parents. Sonograms can identify birth defects associated with these diseases.
In rare cases, single gene disorders can be detected prenatally.
A woman may have one or more of these disorders if she develops symptoms of pregnancy loss before conception.
Sexually transmitted infections, or STIs, may also cause a miscarriage. This is often caused by sex with an infected partner.
Often, a woman will experience no symptoms, but treatment can protect her against future miscarriages.
Antibiotics, such as heparin and low-dose aspirin, can help treat APS. Other autoimmune disorders may cause miscarriages, although they are unlikely to lead to repeat miscarriages.
An unfertilized fetus may develop chromosome abnormalities. Typically, trisomy fetuses have 47 chromosomes instead of the usual 46. Monosomy fetuses, on the other hand, have 45 chromosomes.
They can survive outside of the womb for a short time, but generally result in a miscarriage.
In half of all miscarriages, there is abnormal chromosomal material. These are abnormal genes that determine unique traits of a developing fetus.
The extra material may include an extra chromosome or a full set of chromosomes. The chromosomes that are removed or added to the fetus may also be damaged.
Abnormal chromosomes are the most common cause of miscarriage.
Other causes of miscarriage include unsuitable diet, underlying health conditions, and medication.
A doctor can help you address unavoidable causes before trying to conceive again.
If you have a history of miscarriages, you should consult with a fertility specialist to determine your options. This way, you can begin treatment before you try any fertility treatments.
For example, a woman with a family history of miscarriages is more likely to have a higher risk of miscarriage.
A woman may experience as many as two or three miscarriages before her third pregnancy. T
his type of miscarriage is not indicative of future infertility and many women go on to have a healthy baby.
Most couples who suffer a second miscarriage go on to have another child.
If you have suffered multiple miscarriages, it is vital to know more about the reasons and treatments for them.
Tests for chromosomal abnormalities
There are several reasons why a woman may consider tests for chromosomal abnormalities after a miscarriage.
These tests can be performed on tissue samples taken during a miscarriage to find out the underlying cause of the loss.
Most commonly, this test is recommended after several consecutive miscarriages.
The test is difficult to perform at the early stages of miscarriage but is most effective when a woman has miscarriages several times.
Chromosomal abnormalities are common causes of miscarriage.
About 50 percent of miscarriages occur due to aneuploidy, or an uneven number of chromosomes in the fetus.
In women who recurrence of miscarriages, chromosomal rearrangements can also be a cause.
In both genders, genetic variations may cause unbalanced egg or sperm development, and this may result in miscarriage.
Fortunately, most women are able to have a successful pregnancy after a single miscarriage. However,women
who have repeated miscarriages are usually diagnosed with recurrent pregnancy loss.
In addition to a normal screening test, there are also diagnostic tests to confirm chromosomal abnormalities.
These include amniocentesis and chorionic villus sampling. Although these tests carry a risk of miscarriage, they can help physicians identify a woman’s chromosomal abnormality.
If the test finds abnormalities, the couple will undergo further testing to find out what caused the miscarriage.
The most common type of chromosomal abnormality is aneuploidy, which affects two-thirds of all miscarriages in women.
A woman can have a single chromosome, a condition called trisomy if she is pregnant.
During pregnancy, two-thirds of miscarriages occur due to aneuploidy.
The most common aneuploidy is trisomy 21. In addition to trisomy 21, another common type of miscarriage is aneuploidy X.
Testing a woman’s chromosomes after a miscarriage can be beneficial in a few different ways.
The most common reason for the genetic screening is a woman’s age.
The older the mother, the greater her risk of developing chromosomal abnormality.
Testing can also detect chromosomal abnormality in a fetus if the mother is older or a carrier.
Treatment options
Miscarriage treatment may be performed in several ways. In the first instance, the doctor may prescribe antibiotics to slow the bleeding.
If the woman has a negative blood type, she may be given an Rh immune globulin vaccination to prevent problems with future pregnancies.
In rare cases, a septic abortion may be performed. This procedure removes the pregnancy-related tissues and prevents serious illness.
Medical and surgical treatments are available to end miscarriage, as well.
Conservative treatments like watchful waiting and medication have similar success rates as more invasive methods.
Surgical interventions, such as electric vacuum aspiration, require a general anesthetic but are also acceptable in some cases.
Manual vacuum aspiration is an alternative for women who are uncomfortable with surgery. Medical treatment using a tablet is also available.
Women who are not at risk of having a miscarriage may opt for a natural method.
While a natural miscarriage does not require medical intervention, it may still be unnerving and uncomfortable. In some cases, a natural miscarriage may take three to four weeks.
In either case, a follow-up appointment is needed to determine the pregnancy.
If you are still in the early stages of a miscarriage, you should seek medical help right away.
A miscarriage is a devastating experience for both parents. The loss can be devastating emotionally and physically.
Some doctors suggest expecting management, which is essentially a waiting game or a natural miscarriage. This option includes the passing of the placenta and fetus through the cervix.
The doctor may recommend this option, but you should carefully consider the side effects, long waiting times, and prolonged recovery periods.
Depending on the type of miscarriage, the doctor may recommend a specific set of tests before recommending any miscarriage treatment.
A pelvic ultrasound will be necessary to confirm the type of pregnancy and how long it was.
Blood and urine tests will be necessary to diagnose other health conditions.
All of these tests will add up to the miscarriage treatment cost. In addition to these tests, women may also want to consider a course of birth control.
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Health
Iowa Reports First Fatal Case of Ebola-like Lassa Fever Following Travel to West Africa
Iowa Reports First Fatal Case of Ebola-like Lassa Fever Following Travel to West Africa
Iowa health officials recently confirmed a fatal case of Lassa fever, an Ebola-like viral disease, in a person who had recently traveled to West Africa.
This incident has raised concerns about Lassa fever’s risks, transmission methods, and potential impacts on public health, especially as it is one of the few recorded cases of this virus in the United States.
This article will provide an in-depth overview of Lassa fever, its origins, symptoms, transmission risks, and the measures people can take to protect themselves and those around them.
Understanding Lassa Fever
What is Lassa Fever?
Lassa fever is a hemorrhagic virus similar in presentation to Ebola, transmitted primarily by contact with food or objects contaminated with infected rodent urine or feces.
This viral disease is common in parts of West Africa, where an estimated 100,000 to 300,000 cases are reported annually. Though many cases go unreported, the virus can cause severe illness and death in severe cases, particularly in patients with underlying health conditions.
Lassa Fever vs. Ebola: What’s the Difference?
Both Lassa fever and Ebola are viral hemorrhagic fevers, but they differ in their method of transmission, symptom severity, and geographical reach.
While Ebola spreads through human-to-human contact, Lassa fever is mainly rodent-borne and spread through direct or indirect exposure to rodents’ excretions.
Ebola outbreaks have historically shown higher fatality rates, but Lassa fever is often underreported, making mortality comparisons challenging.
Origins and Transmission of Lassa Fever
Where Does Lassa Fever Come From?
Lassa fever was first identified in 1969 in Nigeria and has since remained endemic in countries like Sierra Leone, Liberia, Guinea, and Nigeria.
The Mastomys rat, or “multimammate rat,” serves as the natural reservoir for the virus and is a common species in West African regions, leading to frequent human contact and possible transmission.
How is Lassa Fever Transmitted?
Transmission occurs mainly through:
- Direct contact with infected rodents’ urine or droppings.
- Ingestion of contaminated food or household items.
- Human-to-human transmission in healthcare settings due to improper hygiene practices or exposure to bodily fluids of infected individuals.
The virus does not spread through casual contact, making general public spread less likely unless in close contact with contaminated surfaces or bodily fluids.
Symptoms of Lassa Fever
Early Symptoms
Early symptoms of Lassa fever can be mild, leading to undiagnosed cases or delayed medical attention.
Symptoms typically appear 1-3 weeks after exposure and may include:
- Fever and fatigue
- Sore throat and cough
- Nausea, vomiting, and diarrhea
- Abdominal and chest pain
Severe Symptoms and Complications
As the disease progresses, patients may develop more severe symptoms like:
- Hemorrhaging from gums, eyes, or nose
- Facial swelling and fluid in the lungs
- Seizures and confusion
- Organ failure
While some patients recover within weeks, severe complications can arise, especially in pregnant women and individuals with preexisting health conditions.
Diagnosis and Treatment
How is Lassa Fever Diagnosed?
Diagnosis requires specialized laboratory testing, as Lassa fever’s early symptoms resemble many other viral illnesses.
Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) tests and ELISA (enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay) can identify viral RNA and antibodies in blood samples, aiding in accurate diagnosis.
Treatment Options
Antiviral medication, such as ribavirin, has shown promise in reducing symptoms when administered early. Supportive care, including rehydration, oxygen therapy, and blood transfusions, is crucial for severe cases.
However, there is no universally approved vaccine, making prevention through hygiene and rodent control vital.
Preventive Measures for Lassa Fever
Minimizing Contact with Rodents
Effective rodent control is essential in areas where Lassa fever is prevalent. Keeping food in rodent-proof containers, clearing homes of food scraps, and storing waste away from living spaces can minimize exposure to rodent excretions.
Maintaining Hygiene in Healthcare Settings
In hospitals, isolation protocols and rigorous hygiene practices, including the use of gloves, masks, and proper disposal of waste, are critical to prevent transmission from infected individuals to healthcare workers or family members.
Public Health Concerns and Global Impact
Why Should We Be Concerned About Lassa Fever?
While cases outside of West Africa are rare, the recent case in Iowa illustrates the potential for Lassa fever to appear in non-endemic regions.
Increased global travel poses risks, necessitating enhanced screening and awareness, especially for travelers returning from high-risk areas.
The Role of the CDC and WHO
The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) and the World Health Organization (WHO) play significant roles in monitoring and controlling Lassa fever outbreaks.
Both organizations work closely with local health agencies to provide guidelines, support diagnosis, and enhance preventive measures.
Conclusion
The tragic loss of life due to Lassa fever in Iowa serves as a stark reminder of the potential dangers of hemorrhagic fevers. Increased awareness, hygiene measures, and public health vigilance are essential to prevent future cases and protect communities.
As international travel grows, so does the need for education on preventing and responding to rare but deadly diseases like Lassa fever.
Frequently Asked Questions (FAQs)
1. Can Lassa fever be spread through the air?
No, Lassa fever is not airborne. It spreads through contact with rodent excretions or bodily fluids of an infected person.
2. Is there a vaccine available for Lassa fever?
Currently, there is no FDA-approved vaccine for Lassa fever, though researchers are actively working on developing one.
3. What regions are considered high-risk for Lassa fever?
High-risk regions include West African countries such as Nigeria, Sierra Leone, Liberia, and Guinea, where the Mastomys rodent is prevalent.
4. What should travelers do to protect themselves from Lassa fever?
Travelers to endemic regions should avoid contact with rodents, keep food secured, and wash hands frequently. It’s wise to stay updated on health advisories from the CDC.
5. How can healthcare facilities prevent Lassa fever spread?
Hospitals can reduce risks by implementing stringent hygiene protocols, using personal protective equipment, and isolating infected patients to prevent cross-contamination.
References :
Health
Understanding Menstrual Allergy: What You Need to Know
Understanding Menstrual Allergy: What You Need to Know
REFERENCE:
https://www.healthwellnessjournal.com/menstrual-allergy-guide
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